SHINGLES VACCINE

 

Rujukan Malaysia : 

MyHealth Ministry Of Health

The Malaysian Times

BP Health Care 

Rujukan Luar Negara :

CDC

NHS UK 

ZOSTAVAX 

Varicella-Zoster Viral Infection

The Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) causes two distinct diseases, varicella (chickenpox), usually during childhood, and herpes zoster, HZ (shingles), usually much later in adult life.

The first infection with the varicella-zoster virus causes chickenpox. After recovery, the virus remains latent (sleeping) in spinal nerves and may reactivate years later, causing shingles.

Table 1: Comparison of Chicken Pox and Shingles

	Chicken Pox	Shingles
Cause	Caused by primary infection with VZV	Secondary infection from reactivation of latent VZV
Age when affected	> 90% infection occurs before adolescence	Only occurs in adults with prior VZV infection
Population affected	Children, but may be extended to adult	Usually adults aged 50 years or older
Signs & Symptoms	Starts with mild fever Loss of appetite Headache Tiredness Itchy rash that becomes blisters	Starts with altered sensation (eg: tingling, burning, numbness at rash area) Mild fever Tiredness Unilateral, localized rash that becomes blisters Nerve pain
Area of rash	Rash is usually widespread over trunk and face with some on arms and legs	Rash is localized, in infected nerve supplies, typically on the back/chest/face
Mode of transmission	Contact with infected droplets of saliva in the air initially, then contact with liquid from rash blisters may cause chickenpox	Contact with liquid from rash blisters that may cause chickenpox
Contagiousness	Infectious from 1-2 days before rash appears until after the rash blisters have dried up	Infectious once the rash becomes blisters until after the rash blisters have dried up

Table 2: Types of vaccine available in Malaysia

DEMAM URAT TU MITOS KE

Salam Jumaat. Selepas balik kampung mula-mula nak merasa melapah korban sembelihan, tapi badan rasa tak sedap sepanjang perjalanan ke Sabak Bernam. Sabak Bernam ni kampung kakak aku. Ok mari aku cerita apa itu demam urat.

Demam ini biasanya bermula apabila kita merasa sakit-sakit di badan, sakit sendi dan sakit kepala yang berterusan.

Demam urat akan dimulai dengan sakit sendi baru demam datang sehari atau dua hari demam.

Masa demam ni, sakitnya bukan kepalang, simptom nak kena demam urat ni, kita macam loose sendi dan ketat sendi di samping macam baru berpantang tidak boleh sejuk.

Kalau korang bertanya pada doktor, doktor akan bagi ubat panadol yang meredakan joint/sendi tu atau  paling kurang pain killer . Mereka agak sukar memahami manusia kena demam urat.

Punca yang aku kenalpasti adalah :

• Kemalangan semasa muda-muda yang lambat dapat rawatan samada urutan dan rawatan badan yang sepatutnya.
• Bersukan ekstrem tanpa melakukan regangan yang sepatutnya
• Melakukan kerja melebihi keupayaan dan berterusan dalam jangka panjang tanpa rehat.
• Makan dan minuman yang tidak bersesuaian dan terlalu banyak minuman/makanan yang bersifat seju seperti rebung, tapai dan lain-lain
• Keterlaluan terdedah kepada suhu sejuk seperti penghawa dingin di pejabat, mandi malam, berembun keluar malam, tidur menghala pada kipas angin.
• Salah pergerakan, seperti mengangkat beban berat, mendukung anak yang agak berat, pergerakan keluar kenderaan tergesa-gesa.
• Jatuh dari ketinggian samada bangunan 2 tingkat atau pokok jambu.
• Pendedahan pada suhu sejuk yang panjang seperti menunggang motor dalam waktu hujan. Pergerakkan otot semasa menunggang motor boleh mendedahkan ke semua otot badan pada suhu sejuk sebab orang tua cakap badan masuk angin. Masuk angin ni senang dikeluarkan dengan minum halia, halba serai tapi tetap tidak hilang juga apabila dikaitkan dengan urat dan belikat badan.
• Yang penting, fleksibiliti muscle joint  semakin meningkat usia semakin kurang lentur, jadi ia perlukan masa untuk beroperasi pada suhu sesuai. Ni faham-faham sendirilah. 

Selain tu, sepanjang masa, samada salah tidur ke, tidur betul ke, korang akan perasan suhu badan agak hangat dan senantiasa ada je sengal-sengal di badan. Pantang suhu menurun sedikit, cepatlah kena selsema dan bersin-bersin. Bangun pagi hari-hari sakit badan. Sakit badan takpa, kalau kepala sakit memang tak bekerjalah.

Antara kelemahan ketara demam urat ialah ubun-ubun perlu dilindungi dari cuaca sejuk dengan memakai kopiah, berpakaian hangat, tidak boleh tidur tanpa baju, memakai stokin ketika perlu, meminum air hangat, mandi air hangat dan sebagainya.

Ada petua menyarankan selain minum air halia tua, halba dan serai, boleh juga memakai masker halia pada seluruh badan tetapi aku belum cuba kemujarapannya.

Ok itu je lah aku rasa, nanti aku update semula ya, nak solat Jumaat dah

BEDAK TALKUM MENYEBABKAN KANSER OVARI : FAKTA ATAU AUTA

BEDAK TALKUM MENYEBABKAN KANSER OVARI : FAKTA ATAU AUTA

Kanser ovari adalah sejenis kanser wanita yang sangat sukar dikesan pada peringkat awal. Ianya juga tidak mempunyai kaedah pencegahan yang berkesan seperti kanser pangkal rahim. Di samping sukar untuk dikesan, sehingga ke hari ini ahli sains belum lagi menemui punca sebenar yang bertanggungjawab menyebabkan kanser ovari, walaupun mereka mengetahui faktor risikonya. Maka kepada pakar kanser, kanser ovari adalah sejenis kanser yang misteri walaupun pengetahuan tentang jenis dan kaedah merawatnya sudah semakin baik.

Semenjak beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini terdapat banyak berita mengenai kes saman terhadap syarikat yang mengeluarkan bedak talkum Johnson & Johnson. Saman ini dikaitkan dengan dakwaan bahawa bedak talkum yang dikeluarkan oleh syarikat ini boleh menyebabkan kanser ovari. Benarkah ada kaitan di antara bedak talkum dengan kanser ovari. Berikut adalah ulasan saya.

1. Bedak talkum diperbuat dari talc yang mengandungi bahan galian seperti magnesium, silikon dan oksigen. Talc mempunyai sifat menyerap air yang sangat berkesan dan dapat mengurangkan geseran.

2. Talc di dalam bentuk asalnya mengandungi asbestos. Ada juga yang berpendapat asbestos adalah bahan sampingan yang diperolehi semasa talc diambil daripada lombongnya.

3. Asbestos dikaitkan dengan beberapa jenis kanser seperti kanser paru-paru dan kanser pundi kencing

4. International Agency in Research of Cancer (IARC) telah mengkategorikan talc yang mengandungi asbestos sebagai mungkin karsinogenik kepada manusia (”possibly carcinogenic to humans”) jika digunakan pada kemaluan wanita. Karsinogenik adalah bahan yang boleh menyebabkan kanser.

5. Manakala pada hari ini talc yang terdapat di dalam bedak talkum Johnson & Johnson sudah TIDAK mengandungi asbestos. Asbestos hanya dikesan di dalam talc sebelum tahun 1973. IARC telah mengklasifikasikan talc tanpa asbestos sebagai BUKAN karsinogenik.

6. Sebelum tahun 1973, talc di dalam bedah talkum memang mengandungi asbestos dan pada masa tersebut bedak digunakan di bahagian kemaluan untuk tujuan mengurangkan kesan geseran dan juga bau. Ianya digunakan ke atas bayi dan juga oleh orang dewasa.

7. Penyelidik telah mendapati ada kemungkinan ujudnya kaitan di antara penggunaan bedak talkum sebelum tahun 1970 an dengan kanser ovari. Ini dikaitkan dengan kandungan asbestos di dalam bedak tersebut dan apabila ianya digunakan ke atas kemaluan dalam jangkamasa yang panjang. Adapun penggunaan bedak talkum pada bahagian lain badan adalah selamat.

8. Persoalannya, sejauh manakah kaitan bedak talkum berasbestos (bedak talkum sebelum tahun 1973) dengan kanser ovari. Terdapat beberapa bukti bahawa kaitan di antara penggunaan bedak talkum dengan kanser ovari adalah sangat lemah. Di antara bukti-bukti tersebut adalah seperti berikut:

• a. Semua dakwaan mengaitkan bedak talkum dengan kanser ovari adalah berdasarkan kepada kajian-kajian epidemiologi dan kebanyakannya adalah ”case-control study” yang dilakukan secara retrospektif iaitu data-data diambil daripada pesakit-pesakit terdahulu. Maklumat diperolehi hanya berdasarkan kepada ingatan pesakit.

• b. Pada pandangan pakar kanser, ”case-control study” dan kajian retrospektif bukanlah kaedah kajian yang tepat untuk mengaitkan di antara penggunaan bedak talkum dan kanser ovari kerana kajian seumpama ini mempunyai kelemahan daripada pelbagai sudut.

• c. Kajian yang lebih berwibawa iaitu kajian prospektif yang dijalankan oleh sekumpulan penyelidik ke atas 121,700 orang wanita di Amerika yang bermula pada tahun 1976 (responden berusia 30-55 tahun), telah mendapati bahawa terdapat seramai 30,000 orang wanita menggunakan bedak talkum yang mengandungi asbestos. Daripada jumlah tersebut, penyelidik mendapati bahawa kadar kejadian kanser ovari dalam kalangan wanita yang menggunakan bedak talkum adalah SAMA dengan wanita-wanita yang tidak menggunakan bedak talkum.

• d. Teori yang mengatakan bedak talkum yang digunakan ke atas kemaluan akan menyebabkan asbestos naik ke organ peranakan atas sehingga ke ovari juga meragukan. Malahan kajian daripada Gertig GM mendapati tidak terdapat perbezaan kadar kanser ovari di antara wanita (yang menggunakan bedak talkum) yang telah menjalani "tubal ligation"(ikat tiub falopian) dengan wanita yang tidak menjalani pembedahan ini. Apabila tiub falopian diikat maka asbestos tidak boleh sampai kepada ovari kerana ia perlu melalui tiub falopian terlebih dahulu. Jadi sepatutnya wanita yang menjalani pembedahan ini tentu mempunyai risiko yang lebih rendah. Tetapi ini tidak berlaku, jadi teori yang digunakan untuk mengaitkan bedak talkum dan kanser ovari telah dinafikan.

Berdasarkan kepada 4 alasan yang saya sebutkan di atas, jelas menunjukkan bahawa kaitan di antara penggunaan bedak talkum berasbestos dengan kanser ovari adalah sangat lemah. Secara peribadi saya berpendapat IARC sepatutnya mengkaji semula pengklasan ini.

9. Pihak IARC tetap mengekalkan status bedak talkum berasbestos sebagai berpotensi menyebabkan kanser ovari, walaupun menyedari kaitannya sangat lemah. Sebenarnya banyak pihak yang mempertikaikan kaedah IARC mengkategorikan bahan penyebab kanser berdasarkan proses pengklasan yang mereka gunakan, terutama bahan seperti bedak yang sangat sukar untuk mengukur kuantiti dan pendedahan sebenar (”dose-exposure” ).

10. Dengan pendirian IARC ini, maka sesiapa yang menghidap kanser ovari dan pernah menggunakan bedak talkum sebelum tahun 1973 boleh mengambil peluang ini untuk mendakwa bahawa kanser ovari yang mereka hidapi adalah disebabkan oleh asbestos yang terkandung di dalam bedak talkum tersebut. Inilah yang berlaku ke atas syarikat Johnson & Johnson yang menjadi sasaran ramai penghidap kanser ovari sehingga syarikat ini perlu membayar pampasan berjuta-juta dolar Amerika kepada plaintif. Saman pertama dilakukan oleh serorang wanita bernama Diane Berg pada tahun 2009, diikuti dengan banyak lagi saman berikutnya.

Pada hari ini jumlah saman sudah mencecah berbilion dolar Amerika. Hakim dan pihak juri mengambil keputusan untuk menyebelahi plaintif hanya berasaskan kepada kegagalan syarikat untuk memberi amaran walaupun pada pandangan pakar kanser, kaitan di antara bedak talkum dengan kanser ovari adalah sangat lemah. Nampaknya pihak plaintif berjaya menggunakan kebijaksanaan peguam untuk mempengaruhi keputusan Hakim walaupun beban pembuktian sebenarnya lebih berat kepada pihak mereka.

11. Pada pendangan Pakar kanser, keputusan Hakim ini adalah sangat memeranjatkan kerana walaupun mungkin syarikat gagal memberi amaran, sebenarnya kaitan di antara bedak talkum yang mengandungi asbestos dengan kanser ovari adalah sangat lemah dan meragukan. Adalah hampir mustahil untuk membuktikan bahawa bedak talkum tersebut adalah penyebab kanser ovari. Malahan terdapat ahli sains yang berpendirian bahawa mengaitkan bedak talkum dengan kanser ovari adalah satu mitos semata-mata. Mereka ini menganggap bahawa kanser ovari yang dihidapi oleh wanita-wanita ini adalah secara kebetulan.

Kesimpulannya kaitan di antara bedak talkum berasbestos dengan kanser ovari adalah sangat lemah dan ianya hanya berasaskan kepada kajian epidemiologi dan kajian case-control. Lebih banyak bukti yang menolak kaitan ini. Walau bagaimanapun kegagalan pihak syarikat memberi amaran tentang penggunaan bedak talkum pada bahagian kemaluan dengan kanser ovari menyebabkan mereka terpaksa membayar dengan kos yang terlalu tinggi. Orang ramai tidak perlu bimbang kerana bedak talkum yang ada pada hari ini sudah tidak mengandungi asbestos. Syarikat pengeluar bedak juga telah mengeluarkan produk yang bukan berasaskan kepada talc tetapi serbuk yang dihasilkan daripada tepung jagung (”cornstarch”), sebagai pilihan kepada pengguna.


Dato' Dr.Mohd Rushdan Md Noor
Pakar Perunding Ginekologi Onkologi
Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia
16 hb Julai 2018

https://www.facebook.com/rushdan.noor
www.faktasains.com
RUJUKAN:
https://www.cancer.org/
…/canc…/talcum-powder-and-cancer.html
https://www.cancerwa.asn.au/
…/cancermyt…/talcum-powder-myth/
http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/92/3/249.full#ref-1
(Prospective study of talc use and ovarian cancer, Gertig DM, Hunter DJ, Cramer DW,et al. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst (2000) 92 (3): 249-252. doi: 10.1093/jnci/92.3.249

MASALAH ANGIN DALAM BADAN JANGAN MAIN-MAIN

Aku bukanlah nak promosi sesuatu perkara atau produk tapi aku kongsikan perkara yang perlu korang lakukan apabila jatuh, kemalangan atau kecederaan.

Ia bukan benda semestinya tapi cadangan sahaja-iaitu urutan segera.
Aku dah bertahun kemalangan motorsikal. Dari kecil2 ke bandar-bandar besar, tak pernah kemalangan, tiba di Kuala Lumpur aku kemalangan. Itulah sebab manusia cari makan dengan kemalangan insan lain.

Sejak itu aku tak naik motorsikal yang enjin dan gear digunakan serentak. Jika naik motorsikal tak hidup tu masih lagi la.

Sakit badan kerap datang, sejuk panas sejuk panas, setiap bangun pagi mesti sakit badan. Mungkin lewat buat urutan buang angin dan perbetulkan urat-urat agaknya.

Ada masanya kena seakan impetigo vertigo, korang rasa balancing kurang, telinga berdesing-desing (tinnitus), mata zoom in zoom out macam tengok sinetron. Rajin tu tetap rajin la, kalau setakat balik kampung drive beratus kilometer, aku masih boleh terus cat 1 rumah ke malam, kemas rumah, potong rumput tanpa rehat tau. Maksudnya tabiat tu tetap ada cuma enjin dan obsolete.

Tapi bila aku rajin lebih je tanpa rehat, aku akan demam dan sakit bisa-bisa badan bila 2/3 hari selepas itu. Kalau demam tu makan hari juga lah. Yang cara nak buang angin tu korang carilah sendiri samada telan sebiji bawang putih mentah setiap hari atau minum rebusan halia dan serai. Boleh baca cerita aku salin dari Metro ni.

Ada kalanya korang akan rasa serangan ngilu di jantung dan ngilu kulit kepala tapi ia bukan serangan jantung sebenarnya.

Siti Nadirah Hafidzin

 

siti_nadirah@hmetro.com.my

 

Perut senak atau kembung, kerap sendawa dan badan rasa berbisa membuatkan seseorang tidak selesa serta lesu, malah mungkin tertekan akibat masalah angin apatah lagi jika mempunyai kerjaya perlu berurusan dengan orang ramai setiap hari.

Masalah angin bagi kebanyakan individu mungkin tidak menjadi satu gangguan menjejaskan hidup manakala gejala yang dialami antara individu itu mungkin sama, tetapi punca sebenar masalah pula berbeza.
Masalah angin ini kebanyakannya berpunca daripada udara yang ditelan dan apabila seseorang dalam keadaan tertekan, mereka lebih kerap menelan udara tanpa disedari. Masalah ini disebabkan proses penghancuran makanan oleh bakteria di dalam usus besar yang tidak dapat dihadamkan sepenuhnya.

Gas yang dihasilkan ialah biasen, nitrogen dan ada kalanya methana. Ada beberapa kaedah rawatan bagi menyelesaikan masalah ini. Namun yang lebih utama ialah kesediaan kita untuk menukar jenis makanan yang dinikmati setiap hari terutama mengelakkan makanan berangin dan bergas, ambil ubat-ubatan dan cuba menahan diri daripada menelan udara terlalu banyak.


Kaedah perlu dilakukan penghidap masalah angin:

- Menukar jenis makanan

Kandungan gas yang dihasilkan daripada makanan berbeza antara individu. Seseorang itu perlu memastikan jenis makanan khusus yang menyebabkan berlakunya masalah angin ini berdasarkan pengalaman masing-masing. Bagi sesetengah orang, makanan seperti keledek, nangka, cendawan dan teh menyebabkan angin, tetapi tidak pada orang lain. Sekiranya makanan itu dapat dikenal pasti, hindarkan daripada mengambil makanan itu.

- Ubat-ubatan

Ubat-ubatan seperti antasid, simethicone dan arang diaktifkan yang boleh didapati di farmasi dapat membantu mengurangkan masalah angin. Selain itu, enzim penghadaman seperti laktase membantu menghadamkan karbohidrat di samping membolehkan seseorang mengambil makanan yang biasanya menghasilkan angin.

- Kurangkan menelan udara

Individu yang mengalami masalah sendawa yang kronik dinasihatkan supaya kurang mengambil gula-gula getah dan gula-gula. Anda dinasihatkan supaya mengunyah makanan secara perlahan-lahan dan tidak banyak bercakap ketika makan. Sekiranya pesakit memakai gigi palsu, dinasihatkan supaya berjumpa doktor gigi untuk memastikan ia sesuai dipakai.

- Hindari makanan yang menghasilkan angin

Makanan yang mengandungi gula raffinose, fruktos, laktos dan sorbitol menghasilkan banyak angin. Raffinose terkandung dalam makanan seperti kacang yang mengandungi banyak gula kompleks manakala bunga kubis, kubis brussel, asparagus, brokoli dan kubis pula mengandungi fruktos.
Laktos ialah gula semula jadi yang terdapat dalam susu dan makanan mengandungi susu seperti keju dan aiskrim. Fruktos pula banyak terdapat pada bawang, buah pir dan gandum. Ia juga banyak digunakan sebagai pemanis dalam minuman ringan dan jus buah-buahan.


URUTAN

Selain pengambilan ubatan yang sesuai bagi memberikan kelegaan, teknik urutan juga satu daripada kaedah yang dapat membantu rawatan masalah angin.
Melalui teknik urutan yang betul, angin dalam badan seseorang itu mampu dikeluarkan dan ia pastinya memberikan kelegaan kepada orang yang mengalami masalah ini.
Menurut juruterapi Nor Qamarul Ramdhah Ahmad Rashidi, teknik urutan yang betul mampu melegakan atau mengurangkan rasa kurang selesa individu berkenaan.

“Ada pelbagai jenis masalah angin yang biasa terjadi antaranya angin di badan, kepala, rahim, perut dan bawah bahu yang boleh menyebabkan seseorang itu berasa lesu dan mengalami kesakitan.
“Masalah angin ini sekiranya tidak dirawat atau diurut dengan betul bukan saja menyebabkan rasa tidak selesa malah boleh menjadi punca kesakitan atau bisa pada badan atau tempat yang bermasalah itu,” ujarnya.

Nor Qamarul Ramdhah yang mempunyai pengalaman mengurut masalah angin lebih 10 tahun itu berkata, pengambilan makanan yang betul antara perkara yang perlu diberikan perhatian.
“Apa yang penting adalah kurangkan makanan pedas, berlemak dan minuman berkarbonat kerana itu akan menambah angin selain perlu pastikan minum air masak secukupnya.
“Selain itu, amalkan makan buah terlebih dulu sebelum nasi dan minum air masak sebaik bangun tidur. Ini adalah antara petua untuk membantu pengambilan buah sebelum mula makan nasi selain minum air masak sebaik bangun daripada tidur juga antara kaedah yang dapat membantu mengurangkan masalah angin,” katanya.

Artikel ini disiarkan pada : Isnin, 18 September 2017 @ 2:22 PM

Rujukan

DAUN GINGKGO BILOBA MENGURANGKAN KESAN TINNITUS DAN VERTIGO

Ginkgo is a large tree with fan-shaped leaves. Although Ginkgo is native parts of Asia, including China, Japan, and Korea, it has been grown in Europe since around 1730 and in the United States since around 1784.

Ginkgo leaf is often taken by mouth for memory disorders including Alzheimer's disease. It is also used for conditions that seem to be due to reduced blood flow in the brain, especially in older people. These conditions include memory loss, headache, ringing in the ears, vertigo, dizziness, difficulty concentrating, mood disturbances, and hearing disorders. 

Some people use it for other problems related to poor blood flow in the body, including leg pain when walking (claudication), and Raynaud's syndrome (a painful response to cold, especially in the fingers and toes).

Ginkgo leaf is also used for thinking disorders related to Lyme disease, chemotherapy, and depression.

Some people use ginkgo to treat sexual performance problems. It is sometimes used to reverse the sexual performance problems that can accompany taking certain antidepressants called SSRIs.

Ginkgo been used for eye problems including glaucoma, diabetic eye disease, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), as well as attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, heart disease and heart complications, high cholesterol, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and bloody diarrhea. Ginkgo leaf is also taken by mouth for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), schizophrenia, and to prevent winter depression, preventing mountain sickness and aging, controlling stomach acid, improving liver and gallbladder function, and controlling blood pressure. It is also taken by mouth to treat asthma, allergies, bronchitis, and for disorders of the central nervous system.

The list of other uses of ginkgo is very long. This may be because this herb has been around for so long. Ginkgo biloba is one of the longest living tree species in the world. Ginkgo trees can live as long as a thousand years. Using ginkgo for asthma and bronchitis was described in 2600 BC.

In manufacturing, ginkgo leaf extract is used in cosmetics. In foods, roasted ginkgo seed, which has the pulp removed, is an edible delicacy in Japan and China. 

How does it work?

Ginkgo seems to improve blood circulation, which might help the brain, eyes, ears, and legs function better. It may slow down Alzheimer's disease by interfering with changes in the brain that interfere with thinking.

Ginkgo seeds contain substances that might kill the bacteria and fungi that cause infections in the body. The seeds also contain a toxin that can cause side effects like seizure and loss of consciousness.

Understanding Tinnitus -- the Basics

What Is Tinnitus?

Tinnitus (pronounced ti-ni-tis), or ringing in the ears, is the sensation of hearing ringing, buzzing, hissing, chirping, whistling, or other sounds. The noise can be intermittent or continuous, and can vary in loudness. It is often worse when background noise is low, so you may be most aware of it at night when you're trying to fall asleep in a quiet room. In rare cases, the sound beats in sync with your heart (pulsatile tinnitus).

Tinnitus is very common, affecting an estimated 50 million adults in the U.S. For most people, the condition is merely an annoyance. In severe cases, however, tinnitus can cause people to have difficulty concentrating and sleeping. It may eventually interfere with work and personal relationships, resulting in psychological distress.

Although tinnitus is often associated with hearing loss, it does not cause the loss, nor does a hearing loss cause tinnitus. In fact, some people with tinnitus experience no difficulty hearing, and in a few cases they even become so acutely sensitive to sound (hyperacusis) that they must take steps to muffle or mask external noises.

Some instances of tinnitus are caused by infections or blockages in the ear, and the tinnitus can disappear once the underlying cause is treated. Frequently, however, tinnitus continues after the underlying condition is treated. In such a case, other therapies -- both conventional and alternative -- may bring significant relief by either decreasing or covering up the unwanted sound.

What Causes Tinnitus?

Prolonged exposure to loud sounds is the most common cause of tinnitus. Up to 90% of people with tinnitus have some level of noise-induced hearing loss. The noise causes permanent damage to the sound-sensitive cells of the cochlea, a spiral-shaped organ in the inner ear. Carpenters, pilots, rock musicians, street-repair workers, and landscapers are among those whose jobs put them at risk, as are people who work with chain saws, guns, or other loud devices or who repeatedly listen to loud music. A single exposure to a sudden extremely loud noise can also cause tinnitus.

A variety of other conditions and illnesses can lead to tinnitus, including:

• Blockages of the ear due to a buildup of wax, an ear infection, or rarely, a benign tumor of the nerve that allows us to hear (auditory nerve)
• Certain drugs -- most notably aspirin, several types of antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, sedatives, and antidepressants, as well as quinine medications; tinnitus is cited as a potential side effect for about 200 prescription and nonprescription drugs.
• The natural aging process, which can cause deterioration of the cochlea or other parts of the ear
• Meniere's disease, which affects the inner part of the ear
• Otosclerosis, a disease that results in stiffening of the small bones in the middle ear
• Other medical conditions such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, circulatory problems, anemia, allergies, an underactive thyroid gland, autoimmune disease, and diabetes
• Neck or jaw problems, such as temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome
• Injuries to the head and neck
• Tinnitus can worsen in some people if they drink alcohol, smoke cigarettes, drink caffeinated beverages, or eat certain foods. For reasons not yet entirely clear to researchers, stress and fatigue seem to worsen tinnitus.

VERTIGO

Vertigo is a sensation of feeling off balance. If you have these dizzy spells, you might feel like you are spinning or that the world around you is spinning.

Causes of Vertigo

Vertigo is often caused by an inner ear problem. Some of the most common causes include:

BPPV. These initials stand for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. BPPV occurs when tiny calcium particles (canaliths) clump up in canals of the inner ear. The inner ear sends signals to the brain about head and body movements relative to gravity. It helps you keep your balance.

BPPV can occur for no known reason and may be associated with age.

Meniere's disease. This is an inner ear disorder thought to be caused by a buildup of fluid and changing pressure in the ear. It can cause episodes of vertigo along with ringing in the ears (tinnitus) and hearing loss.

Vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis. This is an inner ear problem usually related to infection (usually viral). The infection causes inflammation in the inner ear around nerves that are important for helping the body sense balance

Less often vertigo may be associated with:

• Head or neck injury
• Brain problems such as stroke or tumor
• Certain medications that cause ear damage
• Migraine headaches
• Symptoms of Vertigo

Vertigo is often triggered by a change in the position of your head.

People with vertigo typically describe it as feeling like they are:

• Spinning
• Tilting
• Swaying
• Unbalanced
• Pulled to one direction

Other symptoms that may accompany vertigo include:

• Feeling nauseated
• Vomiting
• Abnormal or jerking eye movements (nystagmus)
• Headache
• Sweating
• Ringing in the ears or hearing loss
• Symptoms can last a few minutes to a few hours or more and may come and go.

Treatment for Vertigo

Treatment for vertigo depends on what's causing it. In many cases, vertigo goes away without any treatment. This is because your brain is able to adapt, at least in part, to the inner ear changes, relying on other mechanisms to maintain balance.

For some, treatment is needed and may include:

Vestibular rehabilitation. This is a type of physical therapy aimed at helping strengthen the vestibular system. The function of the vestibular system is to send signals to the brain about head and body movements relative to gravity.

Rujukan

1. http://www.webmd.com/brain/vertigo-symptoms-causes-treatment#1
2. http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-tinnitus-basics
3. http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-333-ginkgo.aspx?activeingredientid=333
4. http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/supplement-guide-ginkgo-biloba#1

VERTIGO

VERTIGO is a sense of rotation, rocking, or the world spinning, experienced even when someone is perfectly still.

Many children attempt to create a sense of vertigo by spinning around for a time; this type of induced vertigo lasts for a few moments and then disappears. In comparison, when vertigo occurs spontaneously or as a result of an injury it tends to last for many hours or even days before resolving.

Sound waves travel through the outer ear canal until they reach the ear drum. From there, sound is turned into vibrations, which are transmitted through the inner ear via three small bones -- the incus, the malleus, and the stapes -- to the cochlea and finally to the vestibular nerve, which carries the signal to our brain. Another important part of the inner ear is the collection of semicircular canals. These are positioned at right angles to each other, and are lined with sensitive cells to act like a gyroscope for the body. This distinctive arrangement, in combination with the sensitivity of the hair cells within the canals, provides instantaneous feedback regarding our position in space.

WHAT CAUSE VERTIGO

There are a number of different causes of vertigo. Vertigo can be defined based upon whether the cause is peripheral or central. Central causes of vertigo arise in the brain or spinal cord while peripheral vertigo is due to a problem within the inner ear. The inner ear can become inflamed because of illness, or small crystals or stones found normally within the inner ear can become displaced and cause irritation to the small hair cells within the semicircular canals, leading to vertigo. This is known as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).

Meniere's disease, vertigo associated with hearing loss and tinnitus (ringing in the ear), is caused by fluid buildup within the inner ear; the cause of this fluid accumulation is unknown. Head injuries may lead to damage to the inner ear and be a cause of vertigo. Infrequently, strokes affecting certain areas of the brain, multiple sclerosis, or tumors may lead to an onset of vertigo. Some patients with a type of migraine headache called basilar artery migraine may develop vertigo as a symptom.

What are the risk factors for vertigo?

Head injuries may increase the risk of developing vertigo, as can different medications, including some antiseizure medications, blood pressure medications, antidepressants, and even aspirin. Anything that may increase your risk of stroke (high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and smoking) may also increase your risk of developing vertigo. For some people, drinking alcohol can cause vertigo.

Studies of the incidence of vertigo find that between 2% to 3% of a population is at risk of developing BPPV; older women seem to have a slightly higher risk of developing this condition.

Rujukan :

http://www.medicinenet.com/vertigo_overview/article.htm

HIS WIFE LEFT HIM WITH 5 CHILDREN AFTER SHE SUDDENLY DIED – WHEN HE FOUND HER MEDICINE BOX EVERYTHING BECAME CLEAR

Before we start with this article, you should know that this is really shocking and heartbreaking story. This is how the story goes – Joey and Kessy met at work in 2004 and fell in love. So, after 2 years, they got engaged and couldn’t wait to start their own family. 

Everything was going great, and in 2015 she got pregnant with triplets. And now, they would have 5 kids, all younger then the age of 7. The older daughters could not wait for the new family members.

But, unfortunately, during her pregnancy, the doctors discovered a blood clot in her lungs. So, what happened next? 

Well, after giving birth to 2 boys and one girl, she felt much better. But, this is not how the story ends. Unfortunately, when Kessy was discharged from the hospital, she woke up with a sharp pain in her chest. Shortly after that she passed away.

According to the experts, blood clots commonly appear during pregnancy as the body prepares itself not to lose too much blood during the delivery. 

And, this is the main reason why all doctors do not recommend taking too many pills during pregnancy, because the blood flow is the legs is much weaker and reduced, and the blood vessels near the pelvis become tighter, the uterus expands, and this pressures the pelvis. Ladies, this means that you should be very careful and always talk with your doctor before trying any medications or home remedies. 

Thank you for your time and don’t forget to share this article with your friends and family. Thank you and have a good one.

Sumber

MASALAH TANTRUMS DI KALANGAN KANAK-KANAK ADALAH BIASA

Hari ini dijangkakan bank-bank penuh dengan pelanggan yang bergegas ingin menukar kad debit baru mereka apabila dikatakan 18 Disember 2016 tarikh akhir. Serta merta banyak mesin ATM jadi offline. Laman sosial sekarang banyak pakar2 pandai walaupun dinafikan oleh beberapa bank berkenaan status Kad Debit

Ni bukan fenomena kad debit yang aku nak cerita, tapi berkenaan perubahan tingkahlaku manusia. Dan skala kecilnya adalah kanak-kanak di bawah 5 tahun. Cerita berkenaan tantrum dikalangan kanak-kanak dan boleh juga berlaku di awalan sekolah rendah.

Tapi kebanyakan di media sosial, ramai merujuk malah memahami bahawa tantrum berlaku pada kanak-kanak berumur 2- 4 tahun. Pendapat ini tidak boleh dijadikan sebagai rujukan. Nak jadi cerita, ramai pula percaya bulat-bulat pendapat sebegitu.

Tantrum adalah biasa di kalangan kanak-kanak cuma ia menjadi luar biasa apabila melibatkan kanak-kanak hyper aktif atau juga autism.

Seharian mengkaji tantrum ni maka aku rasa edisi Bahasa Inggeris ni lebih bertepatan dan bermanfaat untuk dikongsikan seperti :

- Ignore The Kid
- Give Your Child Some Space
- Create  a Diversion
- Discipline Without Spanking
- Find Out What's Really Frustrating Your Kid
- Hugs
- Offer Food Or Suggest a Little R&R
- Talk it Over Afterward
- Try to Heal Off Tantrum-Triggering Situations
- Remember That You're The Adult
- Don't Lose Your Cool
- Give Your Kid Incentive To Behave
- Let Your Child Know You Love Him
- Speak Calmly
- Get Out Of There

Dari segi bahasa di Wikipedia :

"A tantrum, temper tantrum, meltdown or hissy fit is an emotional outburst, usually associated with children or those in emotional distress, that is typically characterized by stubbornness, crying, screaming, defiance, anger ranting, a resistance to attempts at pacification and, in some cases, hitting. Physical control may be lost; the person may be unable to remain still; and even if the "goal" of the person is met, he or she may not be calmed. A tantrum may be expressed in a tirade: a protracted, angry, or violent speech."

When your kid's in the middle of a tantrum, it can be tough to keep yourself from having your own meltdown, too.
"Meltdowns are terrible, nasty things, but they're a fact of childhood," says Ray Levy, PhD, a Dallas-based clinical psychologist and co-author of Try and Make Me! Simple Strategies That Turn Off the Tantrums and Create Cooperation. "Young kids -- namely those between the ages of 1 and 4 -- haven't developed good coping skills yet. 

They tend to just lose it instead." And what, exactly, sets them off to begin with? Every single tantrum, Levy says, results from one simple thing: not getting what they want. "For children between 1 and 2, tantrums often stem from trying to communicate a need -- more milk, a diaper change, that toy over there -- but not having the language skills to do it," says Levy. "They get frustrated when you don't respond to what they're 'saying' and throw a fit." 

For older toddlers, tantrums are more of a power struggle. "By the time kids are 3 or 4, they have grown more autonomous," Levy adds. "They're keenly aware of their needs and desires -- and want to assert them more. If you don't comply? Tantrum city."


So how can you stop these outbursts? 



1: Ignore the Kid


The reason this works is fascinating: "During a tantrum, your child is literally out of his mind. His emotions take over -- overriding the frontal cortex of the brain, the area that makes decisions and judgments," says Jay Hoecker, MD, a Rochester, Minnesota, pediatrician.

"That's why reasoning doesn't help -- the reasoning part of his brain isn't working." Says Alan Kazdin, PhD, author of The Kazdin Method for Parenting the Defiant Child, "Once you're in a situation where someone's drowning, you can't teach them to swim -- and it's the same with tantrums.

There's nothing to do in the moment that will make things better. In fact, almost anything you try will make it worse. Once he chills out, then you can talk."


2 : Give Your Child Some Space


"Sometimes a kid just needs to get his anger out. So let him!" says Linda Pearson, a nurse practitioner and author of The Discipline Miracle. (Just make sure there's nothing in tantrum's way that could hurt him.)

"I'm a big believer in this approach because it helps children learn how to vent in a nondestructive way. They're able to get their feelings out, pull themselves together, and regain self-control -- without engaging in a yelling match or battle of wills with you." This trick can work on its own or in tandem with the whole ignoring bit.


3 : Create a Diversion


This is all about a deft mental switcheroo -- getting your kid engaged and interested in something else so she forgets about the meltdown she was just having. "My purse is filled with all sorts of distractions, like toys -- ones my kids haven't seen in a while, books, and yummy snacks," says Alisa Fitzgerald, a mom of two from Boxford, Massachusetts.

Whenever a tantrum happens, she busts 'em out, one at a time, until something gets the kids' attention. "I've also found that distraction can help ward off a major meltdown before it happens, if you catch it in time," she adds.

If your kid is about to go off the deep end at the supermarket because you won't buy the super-frosted sugar-bomb cereal, try quickly switching gears and enthusiastically saying something like, "Hey, we need some ice cream. Want to help me pick a flavor?" or "Ooh, check out the lobster tank over there!" Explains Levy: "Children have pretty short attention spans -- which means they're usually easy to divert. And it always helps if you sound really, really psyched when you do it. It gets their mind off the meltdown and on to the next thing that much faster." Fitzgerald agrees: "You have to channel your inner actress and be an entertainer -- one with props!"





4 : Discipline Without Spanking


The next time you feel the urge to spank, take a deep breath instead and consider what you want your child to learn.

5 : Find Out What's Really Frustrating Your Kid


This trick is for tantrums among the under-2-and-a-half set, says Dr. Hoecker. "Children this age usually have a vocabulary of only about 50 words and can't link more than two together at a time. Their communication is limited, yet they have all these thoughts and wishes and needs to be met. When you don't get the message or misunderstand, they freak out to release their frustration." One solution, he says: sign language. Teaching your child how to sign a few key words -- such as more, food, milk, and tired -- can work wonders.

Another approach is to empathize with your kid, which helps take some of the edge off the tantrum, and then play detective. "My 22-month-old throws tantrums that can last up to -- yikes! -- 20 minutes," says Melanie Pelosi, a mom of three from West Windsor, New Jersey. "We've taught her some words in sign language, but if she wants something like a movie, she won't know how to ask for it -- and still freaks out. So I say, 'Show me what you want,' and then I see if she'll point to it. It's not always obvious, but with a little time and practice you begin to communicate better. If she points to her older brother, for example, that usually means that he's snatched something away from her, and I can ask him to give it back. I can't tell you how many awful, drawn-out meltdowns we've avoided this way!"

6 : Hugs


"This may feel like the last thing you want to do when your kid is freaking out, but it really can help her settle down," Levy says. "I'm talking about a big, firm hug, not a supercuddly one. And don't say a word when you do it -- again, you'd just be entering into a futile battle of wills. Hugs make kids feel secure and let them know that you care about them, even if you don't agree with their behavior." Cartwright Holecko, of Neenah, Wisconsin, finds that it helps: "Sometimes I think they just need a safe place to get their emotions out."



7 : Offer Food or Suggest a Little R&R

"Being tired and hungry are the two biggest tantrum triggers," says Levy. Physically, the kid is already on the brink, so it won't take much emotionally to send him over. "Parents often come to me wondering why their child is having daily meltdowns. And it turns out they're happening around the same time each day -- before lunch or naptime and in the early evening. It's no coincidence! My advice: feed them, water them, and let them veg -- whether that means putting them to bed or let


8 : Talk it over afterward.


When the storm subsides, hold your child close and talk about what happened. Using simple language, acknowledge his frustration, and help him put his feelings into words, saying something like, "You were very angry because your food wasn't the way you wanted it," Kopp suggests.

Let him see that once he expresses himself in words, he'll get better results. Say with a smile, "I didn't understand you because you were screaming. Now that you're calm, I can find out what you want." Then give him a hug.




9 : Try to head off tantrum-triggering situations. 


Pay attention to what pushes your child's buttons and plan accordingly.

 Make sure she gets enough rest and carry snacks with you. Temper tantrums are more frequent and intense when kids are tired or hungry.

 Give her a gentle heads up before transitioning from one activity to the next. Letting her know when you're going to leave the playground or sit down to dinner, for example, gives her a chance to adjust instead of react. ("We're going to eat when you and Daddy are done with your story" or "Five more pushes on the swing and we're leaving.")

Offer limited choices. Your child is grappling with independence and new kinds of demands from you, her peers, and her teachers, so let her make choices when possible. No one likes being told what to do all the time. Saying, "Would you like corn or carrots?" rather than "Eat your corn!" gives her a sense of control.

Monitor how often you say no, too. If you find you're rattling it off routinely, you could be putting unnecessary stress on both of you. Ease up and choose your battles. After all, would it really wreck your schedule to spend an extra five minutes at the playground?





10 : Remember that you're the adult. 


No matter how long the tantrum goes on, don't give in to unreasonable demands or negotiate with your screaming child. It's especially tempting in public to cave in as a way of ending the episode.

But conceding only teaches your child that pitching a fit is the way to get what she wants and sets the stage for future behavior problems. What's more, a tantrum is frightening enough for your child without her feeling that you're not in control, either.

If your preschooler's outburst escalates to the point where she's hitting people or pets, throwing things, or screaming nonstop, pick her up and carry her to a safe place, such as her bedroom, where she can't harm herself. Tell her why she's there ("because you hit your sister"), and let her know that you'll stay with her until she calms down. If you're in a public place – a common breeding ground for tantrums – be prepared to leave with your child until she gets a grip.

"My daughter had an absolute fit at a restaurant because the plain spaghetti she ordered arrived with chopped parsley on it," another mother recalls. "Although I realized why she was upset, I wasn't about to let her disrupt everyone's dinner. I took her outside until she calmed down."


11: Don't lose your cool. 

You may be tempted to stomp out of the room, but that can make your child feel abandoned. The storm of emotion he's feeling can be frightening to him, and he needs to know you're nearby. When your child is swept up in a tantrum, he's unable to listen to reason, though he will respond – negatively – to yelling or threatening.

"The more I shouted at Brandon to stop, the wilder he would get," says one mother. What worked instead, she discovered, was to sit down calmly and just be with him while he raged.

Rather than leave your child thrashing on the floor, summon up the strength to avoid yelling and quietly go to him. If he's not flailing too much, pick him up and hold him. Chances are he'll find your embrace comforting and will calm down more quickly. And if he's showing a little bit of anger without getting too out of control, you can always try ignoring him until the storm passes.


12 : Give Your Kid Incentive to Behave

Certain situations are trying for kids. Maybe it's sitting through a long meal at a restaurant. Whatever the hissy hot button, this is the trick: "It's about recognizing when you're asking a lot of your child and offering him a little preemptive bribe," Pearson says. "While you're on your way to the restaurant, for example, tell him, 'Alex, Mommy is asking you to sit and eat your dinner nicely tonight. I really think you can do it!

And if you can behave, then when we get home I'll let you watch a video.'" For the record, Pearson says this kind of bribery is perfectly fine, as long as it's done on your terms and ahead of time -- not under duress in the middle of a tantrum. If your kid starts to lose it at any point, gently remind him about the "treat" you discussed. "It's amazing how this can instantly whip them back into shape," says Pearson.


13 : Let your child know you love him.


Once your child is calm and you've had a chance to talk to him about his tantrum, give him a quick hug and tell him that you love him. It's important to reward good behavior, including your child being able to settle down and talk things over with you.



14 : Speak Calmly

This is a biggie -- and is much easier said than done. But experts insist you must keep your cool during a child's tantrum. "Otherwise, you'll get into a power struggle and make the whole thing escalate. Plus, part of the reason kids resort to tantrums is to get attention," Dr. Hoecker says. 

"They don't care if it's positive or negative attention they're getting. All they care about is that you're giving them 100 percent of it." Levy agrees, and adds: "Talking in a soothing voice shows your child that you're not going to let her behavior get to you. It also helps you stay relaxed -- when what you really want to do is yell right back. In fact, the calm tone is as much for the parent as the child! If you're tense, your kid will pick up on it, and it's going to amp her up even more."

15 :  Get Out Of There

Getting kids away from the scene of the tantrum can snap them out of it. "It's also a great strategy when you're out and about," says Levy. "If your child starts melting down over a toy or candy bar he wants, pick him up and take him either to a different area of the store or outside until he calms down. Changing the venue really can change the behavior."





RUJUKAN



AAP. 2015. Top tips for surviving temper tantrums. American Academy of Pediatrics. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/family-life/family-dynamics/communication-discipline/Pages/Temper-Tantrums.aspx [Accessed May 2016]

JHM. Undated. Johns Hopkins Medicine. http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/pediatrics/temper_tantrums_90,P02295/ [Accessed May 2016]



 

TITISAN STEROID : WIRA ATAU PUAKA ? - DR ANIS FARHAD

“Ahhh! Leganya!” bisik hatiku tiap kali cecair steroid itu membasahi mataku.

Mataku kerap kemerah-merahan. Mataku perit kegatalan. Di kala derita, botol steroid ku anggap wira. Botol steroid pembasmi sengsara.

“Buat apa nak pergi jumpa pakar. Buat habis duit je,” ujar Ali, kawan rapatku. “Kau beli je ubat titis ni. Aku pergi klinik biasa waktu mata aku merah dulu. Doktor tu bagi aku guna ubat ni,” kata Ali sambil memberiku sebiji botol kecil yang besarnya tidak lebih dari ibu jariku. “Kau beli saja di farmasi,” katanya bersungguh.

Benar katanya. Titisan pertama air mata ajaib itu melepaskan aku dari sengsara kegatalan yang teramat perit. Mulai dari situ, setiap kali habisnya ubat ajaib itu, aku bergegas membelinya lagi.

“Ali, urat mata awak dah hampir mati”. Aku terkejut dari lamunanku. Kata-kata doktor pakar mata itu terngiang-ngiang di benakku. “Ubat steroid yang awak guna ini ‘memakan’ saraf mata awak. Ianya menjadi terlampau nipis. Urat mata awak sudah hampir mati,” ulang doktor dengan nada yang simpati.

Semakin hari, pandanganku semakin suram. Duniaku kini gelap gelita. Aku telahpun menjadi buta. Steroid. Dahulunya wira, kini menjadi puaka.

Apakah itu steroid?

Steroid adalah sejenis ubat yang digunakan untuk mengurangkan radang.

Bolehkah steroid menyebabkan kebutaan?

Ya! Antara komplikasi steroid yang menjejaskan penglihatan adalah:

Glaukoma

Glaukoma adalah sejenis penyakit mata yang menyebabkan urat mata menjadi terhakis. Penggunaan steroid yang tidak terkawal boleh membuat tekanan mata meningkat. Ini mengakibatkan kematian urat saraf mata yang lama kelamaan boleh menyebabkan kebutaan.

Katarak

Penggunaan steroid tanpa pemantauan boleh menyebabkan kanta mata yang asalnya lutsinar, menjadi kelam. Keadaan ini dinamakan katarak, atau lebih dikenali masyarakat sebagai selaput mata.

Jangkitan

Penggunaan steroid yang berpanjangan tanpa pemantauan boleh miningkatkan risiko jangkitan kuman di mata.

Ubat steroid biasanya mengandungi dexamethasone, prednisolone acetate, betamethasone atau fluoromethalone.

 Jadi adakah steroid perlu dihindari?

Tidak! Steroid mempunyai pelbagai kegunaan untuk mengatasi pelbagai penyakit mata. Steroid itu tidak berdosa. Yang menjadi masalah adalah apabila steroid diberi sewenang-wenangnya, tanpa pemantauan tindakbalasnya yang boleh menyebabkan kebutaan. Hanya seorang pakar mata sahaja yang dapat memantau penggunaan steroid yang berpanjangan. Peralatan untuk pemantauan tersebut biasanya tidak didapati di farmasi, mahupun di poliklinik.

Kesimpulannya, pastikan anda merujuk pakar mata sebelum rawatan steroid diberikan untuk sebarang penyakit mata. Anda juga dinasihatkan supaya tidak meneruskan penggunaan ubat titis steroid tersebut tanpa arahan dan pemantauan pakar yang merawat. Jangan kerana mudah, mata menerima padah.

Dr. Anis Farhad ialah seorang pakar optalmologi yang kini berkhidmat di Sabah. Dia percaya yang orang ramai perlu diberi kesedaran tentang penjagaan mata yang betul

RUJUKAN

BLOG - AKU HIV POSITIF

Buat pengunjung blog yang masih berlum mengenali pemilik blog tersebut, aku kongsikan bersama. Jika ingin mencari ilmu pengetahuan, rajin-rajinlah membaca entri blog ini.

"Kepada yang masih belum maklum, Encik Mohamad bin Wahid atau AHP atau AHP Pie atau Pie telah kembali menemui penciptanya pada 27 Mei 2015, 11.30 malam di Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan akibat liver cirrhosis which led to liver failure (kegagalan hati)."

Rujuk Entri ini

Berkenaan soalan ujian Viral Load dan CD4, ini ringkasan jadual berkenaan. Jika aku tersalah, harap dapat diperbetulkan.

KIRAAN CD4
> 500-1200	Manusia Normal kiraan CD4 adalah dalam range ini
>= 350	Biasanya pemberian ubat HAART akan diberi jika perlu
< 350	Pemberian ubat HAART dicadangkan
< 250	Risiko infeksi amat tinggi, HAART perlu diambil berjadual
VIRAL LOAD HIV
100,000 -1 juta	Virus di dalam darah amat tinggi
< 100,000	Kandungan virus sederhana rendah
< 50	Tidak dikesan kiraan virus walaupun HIV positif